Ultimately, many bishops communicated in terms of friendship with their administrators, who responded with expressions of devotion. This tenuous bureaucratic relationship made the personal relationship between bishop and clerk more important.
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Episcopal administrators' security of tenure in these benefices, however, made them free agents, allowing them to transfer from diocese to diocese or even leave administration altogether they did not constitute a standing episcopal civil service. The chief reward was the benefice, often granted for life. Bishops had few effective avenues available to them for disciplining their clerks, and rarely pursued them, preferring to secure their service and loyalty through rewards. This book investigates how bishops deployed reward and punishment to control their administrative subordinates in thirteenth-century England. Liberal Democracy in Crisis (the Rise of Fascism - Communism) and Great Depression.Industrial Revolution, the Working Class, and Social Reform, 1830-1840s.The Rise of the Nation-State and Nationalism.The Promise of Enlightenment, 1750-1789.The Scientific Revolution: From Renaissance to Newton.Tokugawa Centralized Feudal Order in Japan.Monotheistic Religions: Christianity and Judaism.Cities and Kings: The Hellenistic World.The Aegean World in Prehistory: The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations.Egypt: The Pharaonic Kingdom and the Nile.The Assyrian Empire, the Persian, the Phoenicians.Agricultural Transformation and the First Permanent Settlements.
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